Evolution Technologies MK-461C Manual do Utilizador

EMC seminar Page 1 Misure di compatibilita’ Elettromagnetica Giuseppe Savoia Electronic Measurements Group Agilent Technologies giuseppe_savoia@agi

EMC seminar Receiver requirements above 1 GHz Above 1 GHz regulations require: 1 MHz bandwidth for measurements No quasi-peak detector No CISP

EMI Roadmap 9/29/2011 Page 100 N6141A measurement: Strip Chart • Time record of zero span data scrolls to left • Up to three different detectors • Can

EMC seminar Option EDP (Enhanced Display Package) for the SA • Spectrogram • Trace Zoom • Zone Span Group/Presentation Title Agilent Restricted Pag

EMC seminar Pre-compliance Compliance N6141A EMI Measurement Application PXA MXA CXA Agilent MXE N9038A EXA

EMC seminar Agilent products for Immunity test (EMS) Signal generator 9 kHz – 3 GHz, AM, FM, Phase, Pulse IQ Modulator, 40 MHz Mod.-BW Signal gener

EMC seminar Solution partners for EMC Complete solution: 1. Automation software 2. Chambers 3. GTEM 4. Antennas 5. Power amplifiers 6. Accessories

EMC seminar Per ulteriori informazioni su prodotti ed applicazioni EMI/EMC visitare il sito http://www.agilent.com/find/EMC Contatti: Agilent Te

EMC seminar What is an EMI Receiver? Let’s begin with a spectrum analyzer Page 11 •Display and measure amplitude versus frequency for RF & MW sig

EMC seminar Overview Types of Tests Made Page 12 Modulation Noise Distortion EMC

EMC seminar Theory of Operation Swept Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram Page 13 Pre-Selector Or Low Pass Input Filter Crystal Reference Oscillator L

EMC seminar RF Pre-selection (RF input filtering)  Purpose of RF pre-selection Help to prevent overload by reducing the total energy at the inpu

EMC seminar 15 Digital IF Spectrum/Signal Analyzer Vector data CAN be preserved (mag/phase or I/Q) Digitizing the IF Signal Some troubleso

EMC seminar Overview Different Types of Analyzers Page 16 Parallel filters measured simultaneously A f f 1 f 2 FFT Analyzer A f f 1 f 2 Filter &apo

EMC seminar Specifications Resolution: RBW Type Determines Sweep Time 280 sec 134 sec 13.5 sec 8563E Analog RBW PSA Digital RBW PSA FFT RBW

EMC seminar 18 Speed Improvements Useful comparisons highly specific, many factors PXA mode switching typically faster than PSA Where speed is criti

EMC seminar Modern spectrum analyzer Resolution BW Selectivity or Shape Factor Page 19 3 dB 60 dB 60 dB BW 60 dB BW 3 dB BW 3 dB BW Selectivity

EMC seminar Agenda  Introduzione alle misure EMI  Terminologia;  Sistema di misura (antenna, LISN, ricevitore, etc.);  Detectors;  Normative eu

EMC seminar Specifications Resolution: RBW Type and Selectivity Page 20 DIGITAL FILTER ANALOG FILTER SPAN 3 kHz RES BW 100 Hz Typical Selectivity

EMC seminar 21 Digital Filter Shape Better shape factor, biggest selectivity benefit for different signal levels Equivalent selectivity at a wider,

EMC seminar CISPR Bandwidth Requirements Measurement Range CISPR Band CISPR Bandwidth 9 KHz – 150KHz A 200 Hz 150 KHz – 30 MHz B 9 KHz 30

EMC seminar MIL-STD-461 Bandwidth Requirements Measurement Range -6dB Bandwidth 30Hz - 1 KHz 10 Hz 1 KHz -10 KHz 100 Hz 10 KHz - 150

EMC seminar 24 Detectors: Convert IF Samples to Display Bins or “Buckets” Multiple simultaneous detectors Screen Shot “Detector 3types” Time Volts P

EMC seminar Detectors Page 25 Most radiated and conducted limits are based on quasi-peak detection mode.

EMC seminar Peak vs. Quasi-peak vs. Average Page 26 time V Peak Detection Quasi-Peak Detection Average Detection time V Peak Detection Quasi-Peak Det

EMC seminar Peak ≧ QP ≧Average Peak Detector • Initially used • Faster than QP and Average modes • If all signals fall below the limit, then the pro

EMC seminar EMI Receiver Detectors (cont’d) EMI Average Detection RMS Average Detection RMS-average weighting receivers employ a weighting detector

EMC seminar RMS Average detector table

EMC seminar What is EMC? Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC): The ability of equipment to operate in its electromagnetic environment without introdu

EMC seminar 30 Some modern analyzers approach accuracy of power meter + sensor • Even better for low-level signals, with narrower noise bandwidth an

EMC seminar 31 Modern Spectrum Analyzer Accuracy Examples

EMC seminar Line Impedance Stabilization Networks (LISN) Page 32 Purpose of a LISN: 1. Isolates the power mains from the equipment under test. Th

EMC seminar LISN Page 33

EMC seminar LISN Page 34 @ Electrical Network Frequency @ 150 kHz to 30 MHz

EMC seminar Transient Limiter The purpose of the limiter is to protect the input of the EMC analyzer from large transients when connected to a LISN.

EMC seminar Field Strength Unit Page 36 Radiated EMI emissions measurements measure the electric field. The field strength is calibrated in dBμV/m. P

EMC seminar Field Strength and Antenna factors Radiated EMI emissions tests measure the electric field. The field strength is calibrated in dBμV/m.

EMC seminar Broadband antenna examples Double ridged horn antennas Hybrid log periodic Biconical antenna Log Periodic antenna Hybrid log periodic

EMC seminar Close field probe Page 39 Measures the magnetic field H strength at the center of its sense loop. The plane of the probe tip loops must b

EMC seminar Definitions EMC – ElectroMagnetic Compatibility EMI – ElectroMagnetic Interference EMS – ElectroMagnetic Susceptibility (aka Immunity

EMC seminar Test example Page 40

EMC seminar EMC Regulations An Overview

EMC seminar Standard Setting Institutions IEC* 174 Technical committees and subcommittees CISPR (International Special Committee on Radio Interfer

Sun TongAgilent Technologies2011年9月5日星期一Page 6Frequency Bandsfor Conducted and Radiated EmissionMil-STD Radiated (RE101, RE102)Mil-STD Conducted (CE10

EMC seminar Who must comply with EMC Directive Manufacturers of electronic equipment such as: ITE (information technology equipment) ISM (indust

EMC seminar International emissions regulations (summary) Page 45

EMC seminar Methods for obtaining and placing the CE mark Self Certify Products or Use an Accredited Test Facility Pass the tests to the required

EMC seminar FCC Federal Communication Commission Equipment Type FCC Requirement Broadcast receivers Part 15 Household appliances Part 15 Fluo

EMC seminar

EMC seminar CISPR changes…  RMS-Average  Preselector-less testing: enables use of spectrum analyzer for specific test cases.(no emissions with P

EMC seminar Sources of Electromagnetic Interference • Natural Sources Lightning Sun Spots • Unintentional emitting products Power lines Moto

EMC seminar European Norms example EN55014 (CISPR 14) This standard applies to electric motor-operated and thermal appliances for household and simi

EMC seminar MIL-STD 461 Testing MIL-STD 461E Frequency Ranges Conducted Emissions CE101, Power leads, 30 Hz to 10 kHz -1 limits for submarine DC

EMC seminar MIL-STD 461 Bandwidths and Measurement Times

EMC seminar Emissions and Susceptibility Requirements Summary

EMC seminar EMC Testing During Product Life Cycle

EMC seminar The Need for a Complete EMC Test Strategy Why Not Just Build the product then test it? The chances of passing compliance testing is le

EMC seminar The Cost of EMI solutions as the project progresses Project development time line EMI problem costs Breadboard/Design Prototype Product

EMC seminar SeptemConfidentiality Label 57 Compliance Testing for Emissions

EMC seminar The compliance measurement process Before making measurements on your product, some preliminary questions must be answered. 1. Where wil

EMC seminar General Process for Making EMI Measurements Page 59  Determine the country or countries in which the product will be sold which in turn

EMC seminar Page 6 EMI measurement system

EMC seminar Conducted Emissions Measurements Page 60 1. Connect DUT to the test system 2. Set the proper frequency range 3. Load limit lines and cor

EMC seminar Page 61

Radiated Emissions are difficult to measure because of multiple dimensions (five) and the use of quasi-peak detection below 1GHz 41.2563MHz 218.120MHz

EMC seminar Examples of Test Facilities Open Area Test Site (OATS) Useful in low ambient signal environments GHz Transverse Electro Magnetic Cell (G

EMC seminar Open Area Test Site (OATS) EUTs are measured in an open area test site (OATS) or anechoic chamber. ANSI C63.4 and CISPR 16-1-1 specify

EMC seminar GTEM Cell details RF absorbers DUT Area Septum terminated in 50 ohms RF output for emissions testing or RF input for immunity testing

EMC seminar Test Facilities (cont’d) 10 Meter Semi Anechoic* Chamber This chamber uses 2 antenna towers, one for vertical and one for horizontal pol

EMC seminar Radiated Emissions Measurements Page 67 1. Connect the antenna to the EMI receiver and separate the antenna from the DUT as specified

EMC seminar 1. Select the measurement range Page 68

EMC seminar 2. Load Corrections factors Page 69 Amplitude at point circled Amplitude referenced to blue line

EMC seminar Pre-compliance vs. Full compliance measurements Page 7 Pre-compliance measurements Evaluate the conducted and radiated emissions of a de

EMC seminar 3. Load Limit line Page 70 Circle indicates the position of the amplitude frequency pair

EMC seminar 4. Scan for signals above the limits with peak detector Page 71

EMC seminar 5. Quasi-peak and average measurements Page 72

EMC seminar Once EMC testing becomes part of the product strategy (THEN WHAT) Continue to use test houses at $$$$ per hour Build your own facility f

EMC seminar Precompliance testing Approach Full Compliance Testing Accuracy… At a fraction of the cost of full compliance testing Minimum Precomplia

EMC seminar Automation in Precompliance Measurements Reasons for Automation -Supplement skill and knowledge of the tester -Measurements repeatabil

EMC seminar Precompliance Conducted Emissions Setup *Keep the power cord short to avoid becoming an antenna DUT To Mains DUT power cord* X-Series Si

EMC seminar Precompliance Radiated Emissions Setup DUT Ground Plane 3 or 10 Meter distance X-Series Signal Analyzer with N6141A EMC App Perform test

EMC seminar Troubleshooting Page 78 Use the close-field probe to locate the sources of the radiated signals exceeding the limit lines

EMC seminar Immunity test setup Conducted Immunity 100 kHz – 1 GHz Amplifiers HF-Switch Radiated Immunity 30 MHz – 18 GHz

EMC seminar Compliance EMI receiver requirements A CISPR 16-1-1 receiver must have the following functionality in the range 9 kHz - 18 GHz:  A nor

EMC seminar Agilent Solutions Page 80

EMC seminar What is a CISPR 16-1-1 Compliant Receiver CISPR 16-1-1 is the document that defines the functionality of an EMI receiver Detectors N9

EMC seminar EMI Receiver Requirements for Compliance Testing of Conducted and Radiated Emissions  CISPR 16-1-1 2010 -200 Hz, 9 kHz, 120 kHz (6 d

EMC seminar X-Series signal analyzer CISPR 16 compliant EMI receiver What is the MXE EMI Receiver? The Agilent MXE is more than a CISPR 16-1-1 compl

20 Hz to 1 GHz for Conducted Emissions (built-in limiter) 20 Hz to 26.5 GHz for Radiated Emissions CISPR 16-1-1 2010 Compliant EMI Receiver N9038A MXE

EMC seminar LB CFB RFB INB DDS Noise Source 20 Hz -1GHz

EMC seminar Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers  Multiple instruments in one box:  Swept spectrum analyzer;  FFT analyzer;  RF and Baseband Vector

“All Digital IF” Advantages RF Section ADC IF/BB Section on ASIC  Flexibility:  RBW filtering in 10% steps  Filters with better selectivity  Mul

EMC seminar 88 Techniques for Reducing DANL, Improving Dynamic Range Reduce attenuation Add preamp Reduce RBW Add external filtering Better/shorter

EMC seminar 89 CW Signal Measured Near Analyzer Noise Floor Actual S/NDisplayedS/NCW SignalApparentSignal This is fundamental, and often missed Ampl

EMC seminar CISPR Pulse Generator for Testing the QP response Schwarzbeck Pulse Generator Purpose of the Schwarzbeck generator Establish the refe

EMC seminar 90 Noise Floor Subtraction Analyzer noise adds incoherently to any signal to be measured Power calculations are performed on a linear po

EMC seminar 91 Noise Subtraction, “Noise Floor Extension” New technique “NFE” improves D.A.N.L. analyzer noise power calculated/subtracted real time

EMC seminar 92 Analyzer Noise Floor with NFE Source still off, green trace shows analyzer noise level with NFE Other measurement conditions unchange

EMI Roadmap 9/29/2011 Page 93 EMC Features standard in all X-Series Spectrum analyzers • Limit Lines (2000 pts) • Amplitude correction (2000 pts) •

Page 94 Option EMC in X-Series spectrum analyzer  CISPR 16-1-1 detectors (to latest spec)  Quasi Peak  EMI Average (“CISPR-AVG”)  RMS Average (“

EMC seminar Page 95  Full Featured Pre-compliance Application  Available in all X-Series models W/N6141A EMC measurement application

EMC seminar Corrections factors edit display Page 96 Amplitude at point circled Amplitude referenced to blue line

EMC seminar Limit line edit display Page 97 Circle indicates the position of the amplitude frequency pair

Page 98 Log Display Peak List Auto-detect peaks Limit Delta Realtime Meters with any 3 Simultaneous Detectors

EMC seminar Page 99 N6141A measurement: Frequency Scan with Log Display Meters tune to selected signal